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특 집 군사연구 제130집 113 areas, and Incheon had been considered as one of the most likely landing locations. However, North Korea could not obtain intelligence that the city was the landing spot, and therefore attempted to take defensive measures on all coastal areas including Incheon. However, when Il Sung Kim launched the September offensive called the "Ultimate Offensive" in the Nakdong lines, he committed all military strength into the Nakdong lines rather than balancing the rear defense. Even after the September offensive failed, he concerned more about preparation for another offensive in the front than about anti-landing reinforcement in the rear. Even just few days before the landing, when the UN Forces carried out feint operations in Mokpo and Goonsan areas, North Korea could not make a reliable prediction of whether a landing operation was planned to be executed in the near future, and even if there is such a plan, where it would take place. Second, after the Incheon landing did take place Il Sung Kim and North Korean military leadership underestimated the gravity of the landing. Possessed by ambition for another offensive in the Nakdong lines, they ordered West Coast Command under Yong Gun Choi to defend Seoul only with reserve regiments and brigades stationed around Seoul and Incheon instead of redeploying some battle divisions in the Nakdong lines up into Seoul to reinforce the city's western side defense. On September 18 Stalin gave Il Sung Kim instructions to redeploy "four divisions" northward from the Nakdong lines and therefore to reinforce Seoul's western defense. These instructions, however, were confronted by oppositions from Front Commander Chaek Kim and his chief of staff Woong Kim, and as a result, only extremely small forces were relocated to Seoul. In addition, Il Sung Kim wasted precious time when he had not immediately ordered withdrawals of the main body of the army from the Nakdong Defense Line; by the time he gave the withdrawal order, the US 8th Division had already broke through the Nakdong Defense Line and North Korean troops were unable to carry out organized withdrawals.